Intestinal Scavenger Receptors Are Involved in Vitamin K1 Absorption

Vitamin K₁ (phylloquinone) intestinal absorption is thought to be mediated by a carrier protein that still remains to be identified. Apical transport of vitamin K₁ was examined using Caco-2 TC-7 cell monolayers as a model of human intestinal epithelium and in transfected HEK cells. Phylloquinone uptake was then measured ex vivo using mouse intestinal explants. Finally, vitamin K₁ absorption was compared between wild-type mice and mice overexpressing scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in the intestine and mice deficient in cluster determinant 36 (CD36). Phylloquinone uptake by Caco-2 cells was saturable and was significantly impaired by co-incubation with α-tocopherol (and vice versa). Anti-human SR-BI antibodies and BLT1 (a chemical inhibitor of lipid transport via SR-BI) blocked up to 85% of vitamin K₁ uptake. BLT1 also decreased phylloquinone apical efflux by ∼80%. Transfection of HEK cells with SR-BI and CD36 significantly enhanced vitamin K₁ uptake, which was subsequently decreased by the addition of BLT1 or sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (CD36 inhibitor), respectively. Similar results were obtained in mouse intestinal explants. In vivo, the phylloquinone postprandial response was significantly higher, and the proximal intestine mucosa phylloquinone content 4 h after gavage was increased in mice overexpressing SR-BI compared with controls. Phylloquinone postprandial response was also significantly increased in CD36-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice, but their vitamin K₁ intestinal content remained unchanged. Overall, the present data demonstrate for the first time that intestinal scavenger receptors participate in the absorption of dietary phylloquinone.     

免培养法研究野生川金丝猴肠道内生细菌多样性

【目的】了解野生川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)肠道内生细菌的组成及其多样性。【方法】提取川金丝猴肠道内生细菌总DNA,选用细菌通用引物799F和1492R对总DNA进行16S rRNA基因特异性扩增,构建川金丝猴肠道内生细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库,对阳性克隆进行限制性内切酶片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析,并对HaeⅢ酶切带谱菌株进行测序,构建系统发育树。【结果】根据酶切带谱分析和测序结果,将随机挑取的157个阳性克隆归为27个不同的可操作分类单元(OTUs)。系统发育分析表明这些克隆序列有62.10%属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中包括梭菌属(Clostridium)、Cellulosilyticum属、Robinsoniella属、Anaerofustis属、Blautia属和Anaerovorax属,有37.90%属于未培养细菌。【结论】川金丝猴肠道内生细菌多样性丰富,并且可能存在新的分类单元。     

超微铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道乳酸杆菌多样性的影响

【目的】探讨超微铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道乳酸杆菌多样性的影响,为疗效提供依据。【方法】制备小鼠脾虚便秘模型,灌胃铁皮石斛传统汤剂、超微50%量汤剂治疗,采集肠道内容物提取肠道微生物宏基因组DNA,用乳酸杆菌特异引物PCR后进行ARDRA分析。【结果】结果显示,正常组、铁皮石斛传统汤剂组和超微50%量汤剂组的OTUs、Shannon指数和Brillouin指数相同,且均大于模型组;铁皮石斛超微50%量汤剂组与正常组乳酸杆菌群落结构的相似性系数最大,为0.333 3,其次是模型组为0.181 8,传统汤剂组最小,为0.166 7;聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,小鼠肠道乳酸杆菌多样性受脾虚便秘造模影响,发生改变,铁皮石斛两种汤剂通过不同的途径对其进行调控作用。【结论】铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道乳酸杆菌多样性的调整作用明显,且超微50%量汤剂组小鼠肠道乳酸杆菌多样性更接近正常组,疗效更优。     

调整肠道菌群在对肝硬化大鼠肝组织学的影响

目的 观察益生菌制剂培菲康对肝硬化大鼠的防治效果,探讨其治疗肝病的机理。方法 采用CCL4复合因素法制造肝硬化模型,进行肠道菌群培养及肝组织学检查。结果 （1）治疗组G^-需氧杆菌数量明确低于模型组（P＜0．05）;（2）治疗组肝细胞变性坏死程度明显轻于C组;（3）电镜结果表明T组肠粘膜绒毛高度及上皮连接均好于C组,肝细胞器损伤轻于C组。结论 培菲康可调整菌群失调,减少G^-需氧杆菌的定值,改善肝脏及肠粘膜的组织形态,提示口服益生菌制剂可作为肝病患者安全常规的用药。     

鲤科（Cyprinidate）鱼肠道菌群分析

对江苏大纵湖区的草鱼、白鲢、团头鲂和鲤鱼等4种鱼肠道菌群中的好氧菌或兼性厌氧菌进行分离鉴定.对每种鱼的肠道中菌群数量和种类组成进行了分析,发现在上述鱼肠道中存在哈夫尼亚菌属、致病杆菌属、气单胞菌属、柠檬酸菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、葡萄球菌属等.     

银杏叶提取物对高脂血症调脂机制的新探

目的 :通过观察银杏叶提取物对高脂血症病人调脂过程中肠道菌群的变化来探讨其调脂机制。方法 :对于 2 2名高脂血症患者给予银杏叶提取物 9片 / d,治疗 4w,检测其治疗前后空腹血脂变化 ,及高脂血症组治疗前与正常人肠道菌群变化 ,和高脂血症组治疗前后肠道菌群变化。结果 :(1)高脂血症患者经银杏叶提取物治疗后 TC、TG、L DL-C较治疗前均明显降低 (P<0 .0 5)。 (2 )高脂血症患者银杏叶提取物治疗前较正常人肠道菌群变化显著 (P<0 .0 1)。高脂血症组银杏叶治疗后较治疗前肠道菌群变化显著 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :(1)银杏叶提取物降脂有显著疗效。 (2 )脂质代谢紊乱时肠道菌群较正常人明显变化 (P<0 .0 1) ,尤其双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等明显减少 ,而治疗后肠道菌群得到调整 ,说明银杏叶可能通过扶植肠道有益菌生长繁殖 ,如双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等对脂质代谢发挥作用 ,达到其调脂目的     

彩鲫与建鲤杂交F1肠道黏膜显微观察

通过对全红体色彩鲫(Carassius auratuas)与建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian)的正反交杂交后代进行消化道生长发育的比较研究,以期为建鲤与彩鲫的远缘杂交生产和研究提供理论依据。本实验选择建鲤亲本、彩鲫亲本、鲤鲫F1(建鲤♀×彩鲫♂)和鲫鲤F1(彩鲫♀×建鲤♂)各50条,每组实验鱼日龄相近。每组选5条体重相近的鱼测量肠长和肠重,并制作肠切片,计算肠重指数、肠长指数、肠道皱襞高度、绒毛长、绒毛宽、肌层厚度数据。数据结果采用SPSS(17.0)软件中的LSD法进行显著性检验。结果表明,以彩鲫作为父本的F1的消化水平高于以彩鲫作为母本的F1,且彩鲫作为父本的F1即鲤鲫F1的消化水平高于两亲本,体现出了杂种优势。     

Biodegradation of azo and anthraquinone dyes in continuous systems

The purpose is to develop a complete microbiological model system for the treatment of wastewater from textile mills in developing countries. Artificial wastewater was treated by microorganisms growing on wood shavings from Norway spruce during unsterile conditions. The microorganisms were inoculated from forest residues. Mixtures of the azo dyes Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Red 2 were degraded in batch as well as continuous experiments. Reactive Red 2 mixed with the anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 4 was also treated in the continuous system. The system consisted of three reservoirs - the first two with an anaerobic environment and the third with an aerobic. The dye concentrations were 200 mg l⁻¹ of each dye in the continuous system and the retention time was approximately 4 days and 20 h per reservoir. Samples from the process were analysed with spectrophotometer and LC/MS to monitor the degradation process. 86-90% of the colour was removed after a treatment of 4 days and 23 h in the continuous process. Two metabolites were found in the outlets of reactors one and two, but they were degraded to below the detection limit in the aerobic reactor.     

Hydrogen-rich saline reduces lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats

Objective. Hydrogen has been reported to selectively reduce the hydroxyl radical, the most cytotoxic of reactive oxygen species. In this study we investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich saline on the prevention of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30, 200-220 g) were divided randomly into three experimental groups: sham operated, intestinal I/R plus saline treatment (5 ml/kg, i.v.), and intestinal I/R plus hydrogen-rich saline treatment (5 ml/kg, i.v.) groups. Intestinal I/R was produced by 90 min of intestinal ischemia followed by a 4 h of reperfusion. Results. Hydrogen-rich saline treatment decreased the neutrophil infiltration, the lipid membrane peroxidation, NF-κB activation and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL-1β and TNF-α in the lung tissues compared with those in saline-treated rat. Conclusion. Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates lung injury induced by intestinal I/R.     

Six mosses from the Tyrolean Iceman’s alimentary tract and their significance for his ethnobotany and the events of his last days

Six different mosses have been recognised in samples taken from the intestinal contents of the 5,200-year-old Iceman from the Eastern Alps. Four of the species are important in understanding the lifestyle of the man and/or bear on the events during the last few days of his life: Anomodon viticulosus, Hymenostylium recurvirostrum, Neckera complanata and Sphagnum imbricatum. The past and present chorology and habitats of the Hymenostylium are discussed in detail, as is the ethnobotany of the Sphagnum concerning both the Iceman and Kwäday Dän Ts’ìnchí, the first ancient glacier body from North America.